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A torque converter in modern usage, is commonly a fluid coupling which is used to transfer rotating power from a prime mover, like for example an electric motor or an internal combustion engine, to a rotating driven load. Similar to a basic fluid coupling, the torque converter takes the place of a mechanical clutch. This enables the load to be separated from the main power source. A torque converter can provide the equivalent of a reduction gear by being able to multiply torque whenever there is a substantial difference between output and input rotational speed.
The fluid coupling type is the most popular kind of torque converter utilized in automobile transmissions. During the 1920's there were pendulum-based torque or likewise called Constantinesco converter. There are different mechanical designs utilized for continuously variable transmissions that have the ability to multiply torque. Like for example, the Variomatic is a kind which has expanding pulleys and a belt drive.
A fluid coupling is a 2 element drive which cannot multiply torque. A torque converter has an extra part that is the stator. This alters the drive's characteristics during times of high slippage and produces an increase in torque output.
Inside a torque converter, there are at least of three rotating components: the turbine, in order to drive the load, the impeller which is driven mechanically driven by the prime mover and the stator. The stator is between the impeller and the turbine so that it could change oil flow returning from the turbine to the impeller. Normally, the design of the torque converter dictates that the stator be prevented from rotating under whichever condition and this is where the word stator originates from. In reality, the stator is mounted on an overrunning clutch. This design prevents the stator from counter rotating with respect to the prime mover while still permitting forward rotation.
In the three element design there have been changes which have been incorporated sometimes. Where there is higher than normal torque manipulation is considered necessary, changes to the modifications have proven to be worthy. More often than not, these modifications have taken the form of several turbines and stators. Each set has been meant to produce differing amounts of torque multiplication. Various examples include the Dynaflow which utilizes a five element converter so as to generate the wide range of torque multiplication required to propel a heavy vehicle.
Various automobile converters comprise a lock-up clutch in order to reduce heat and in order to improve the cruising power and transmission efficiency, although it is not strictly part of the torque converter design. The application of the clutch locks the impeller to the turbine. This causes all power transmission to be mechanical that eliminates losses associated with fluid drive.
